What are common cognitive and behavioral sequelae after severe TBI?

• A. Sleep disturbances only
• B. Impairments in attention, memory, executive function, slowed processing, mood disorders, irritability, apathy
• C. Language deficits exclusively
• D. Motor deficits only

Answer: (B)

Severe TBI typically causes broad cognitive and behavioral changes, not isolated deficits. Injury disrupts brain networks that support attention, memory, and executive function, leading to difficulties with sustaining attention, forming and retrieving new memories, planning and problem-solving, and slower processing of information. In addition, mood regulation and motivation can be affected, producing mood disorders, irritability, or apathy. Sleep disturbances are also common and can worsen daytime functioning. This mix of cognitive impairments across multiple domains plus behavioral and mood changes best reflects what many patients experience after severe TBI, making the listed combination the most representative answer. Other options focus on a single domain (sleep, language, or motor) and miss the widespread cognitive-behavioral impact typical after severe injury.